Macrophage immunophenotypes in Jorge Lobo's disease and lepromatous leprosy- A comparative study.

Jorge Lobo's disease (JLD) and lepromatous leprosy (LL) share several clinical, histological and immunological features, especially a deficiency in the cellular immune response. Macrophages participate in innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses, as well as in tissue regeneration and repair. Macrophage function deficiency results in maintenance of diseases. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory mediators and M2 produce anti-inflammatory cytokines. To better understand JLD and LL pathogenesis, we studied the immunophenotype profile of macrophage subtypes in 52 JLD skin lesions, in comparison with 16 LL samples, using a panmacrophage (CD68) antibody and selective immunohistochemical markers for M1 (iNOS) and M2 (CD163, CD204) responses, HAM56 (resident/fixed macrophage) and MAC 387 (recently infiltrating macrophage) antibodies. We found no differences between the groups regarding the density of the CD163, CD204, MAC387+ immunostained cells, including iNOS, considered a M1 marker. But HAM56+ cell density was higher in LL samples. By comparing the M2 and M1 immunomarkers in each disease separately, some other differences were found. Our results reinforce a higher M2 response in JLD and LL patients, depicting predominant production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, but also some distinction in degree of macrophage activation. Significant amounts of iNOS + macrophages take part in the immune milieu of both LL and JLD samples, displaying impaired microbicidal activity, like alternatively activated M2 cells.

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial isolates from Panama: A retrospective 5-year analysis (2017-2021).

BACKGROUND: The genus Mycobacterium includes well-known bacteria such as M. tuberculosis causing tuberculosis and M. leprae causing leprosy. Additionally, various species collectively termed non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause infections in humans and animals, affecting individuals across all age groups and health conditions. However, information on NTM infection prevalence in Panama is limited. METHODS: This study conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical records from 2017 to 2021, specifically focusing on patients with NTM isolates. Data were categorized by variables like sex, age, HIV status, and sample source. RESULTS: Among the 4430 clinical records analyzed, 698 were linked to patients with NTM isolates. Of these patients, 397 were male, and 301 were female. Most female patients with NTM isolates (n = 190) were aged >45 to 85 years, while most male patients (n = 334) fell in the >25 to 75 years age group. A noteworthy proportion of male patients (n = 65) were aged 25-35 years. A significant age difference between male (median [min-max] = 53 years [3-90]) and female (median [61 years [6-94]) patients was observed (p < 0.001). Regarding HIV status, 77 positive individuals were male, and 19 were female (p < 0.001). Most samples (n = 566) were sputum samples, with additional pulmonary-associated samples such as broncho-alveolar lavage, tracheal secretions, and pleural fluid samples. Among extrapulmonary isolates (n = 48), sources included catheter secretions, intracellular fluids, peritoneal fluid, blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow samples, and capillary transplant lesions. Specifically, the analysis identified the pathogenic microorganisms responsible for mycobacteriosis in Panama during the specific period 2017-2021, as M. fortuitum (34.4%), M. intracellulare (20.06%), and M. abscessus (13.75%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the growing public health concern of NTM infections in Panama. The research provides valuable insights into the prevalence and distribution of NTM species in the country, offering a foundation for the development and implementation of effective prevention and control strategies for NTM infections in Panama.

Eficacia de plantillas y zapatos terapéuticos en la reducción de la incidencia de ulceración en pacientes con neuropatía diabética: una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis / Efficacy of insoles and therapeutic shoes in the reduction of the ulceration incidence in diabetic neuropathy patients: A Systematic Review with meta-analysis

Objetivo Investigar el nivel de eficacia de plantillas personalizadas y zapatos terapéuticos en la reducción de la presión plantar y la incidencia de ulceración en presencia de neuropatía diabética. Metodología Las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahls, Central Cochrane y Lilacs fueron encuestados en enero de 2020. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que reportaron pacientes con neuropatía diabética sometidos a intervención con plantillas y calzado terapéutico en comparación con un grupo control. La calidad de las publicaciones se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro y la evidencia mediante la clasificación GRADE. En cuanto al metaanálisis, se realizó la agrupación de datos homogéneos y comparables. Resultados Se incluyeron 11 estudios, lo que resultó en una muestra de 1.443 participantes. Siete artículos presentaron datos suficientes para el metaanálisis. En el corto plazo, el riesgo relativo de protección fue de 0,23 (IC 95%; 0,07; 0,72), mientras que en el largo plazo el riesgo fue de 0,32 (IC 95%; 0,21; 0,48). La escala GRADE señaló baja calidad de evidencia en cuanto a la protección a corto plazo y alta calidad a largo plazo En el análisis cualitativo, seis estudios concluyeron que hubo reducción en la presión plantar del grupo de intervención. Conclusión Se encontró efecto protector del uso de plantillas en el desarrollo de úlceras a corto y largo plazo. (AU)

Objective To investigate the level of efficacy of personalized insoles and therapeutical shoes in plantar pressure and ulceration incidence reduction in the presence of diabetic neuropathy. Methodology The data bases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahls, Central Cochrane and Lilacs were surveyed in January/2020. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included that reported diabetic neuropathy patients submitted to intervention with insoles and therapeutical shoes compared to a control group. The quality of the publications was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the evidence by the GRADE classification. Regarding the meta-analysis, the grouping of homogeneous and comparable data was carried out. Results Eleven studies were included, which resulted in a sample containing 1,443 participants. Seven papers presented enough data for the meta-analysis. In the short term, the protection relative risk was 0.23 (IC95% 0.07;0.72), while in the long term, the risk was 0.32 (IC95% 0.21;0.48). The GRADE scale pointed out low evidence quality regarding short-term protection and high quality in the long term. In the qualitative analysis, six studies concluded that there was reduction in the plantar pressure of the intervention group. Conclusion Protective effect of using insoles was found in the development of ulcers in the short and long term. (AU)

Effect of multidrug therapy on the prognosis of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Multidrug therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) results in negative sputum cultures. However, the prognostic value of this treatment approach remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify whether multidrug therapy reduces the incidence of events related to MAC-PD and improves the mortality rate. Patients who met the diagnostic criteria for MAC-PD at our hospital between 2003 and 2019 were retrospectively evaluated using medical records. Events related to MAC-PD were defined as hospitalisation for haemoptysis or respiratory infection and the development of chronic respiratory failure. There were 90 and 108 patients in the multidrug and observation groups, respectively. The median observation period was 86 months. Intergroup differences in body mass index, proportion of patients with cavities, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not significant. However, the observation group was older with a higher mean age (multidrug group: 62 years, observation group: 69 years; P < 0.001) and had a higher proportion of male patients (multidrug group: 13/90 [14.4%], observation group: 35/108 [32.4%]; P < 0.01). Furthermore, intergroup differences in the incidence of events related to MAC-PD (multidrug group: 26.69/1000 person-years, observation group: 25.49/1000 person-years), MAC-PD-associated mortality rate (multidrug group: 12.13/1000 person-years, observation group: 12.74/1000 person-years), and total mortality (multidrug group: 24.26/1000 person-years, observation group: 29.50/1000 person-years) were not significant. Many patients relapse even after multidrug therapy, and our findings suggest that multidrug therapy has no effect in preventing the onset of respiratory events or prolonging life expectancy.

Case Report: Type 2 Leprosy Reaction Mimicking Sweet Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Type 2 leprosy reaction is a type of acute inflammation that predominantly affects borderline lepromatous leprosy and lepromatous leprosy patients and occurs before, during, or after therapy. The atypical variant, which resembles Sweet syndrome, could easily lead to misdiagnosis. Here, we report a case of a 52-year-old man who presented with type 2 leprosy reaction that mimicked Sweet syndrome. In addition, we review published cases and summarize their features to raise awareness of this atypical variant to enable improved diagnosis and management.

Reverse Koebner phenomenon in erythema nodosum leprosum.

BACKGROUND: Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immunologically mediated phenomenon complicating the course of leprosy. Reverse Koebner phenomenon is the term used to describe the sparing of previously injured or diseased skin by new skin lesions of the disease. METHODS: A middle-aged woman with a known case of lepromatous leprosy for the past year presented with an eruption of reddish painful nodules over her body. The lesions were found to characteristically spare the sites of previous scars. RESULTS: This sparing phenomenon of previous scar sites has been termed reverse Koebner phenomenon, a site of the body that offers greater resistance than the rest of the body to the onset of the disease, seen in various diseases, but it has never been described in ENL. CONCLUSION: This sparing of scar sites in ENL can be attributed to reverse Koebner phenomenon.

Total knee arthroplasty for neuropathic arthropathy in a patient with leprosy.

Patients with leprosy are known to tend to develop neuropathic arthropathy, known as Charcot joint. There are no case reports of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with leprosy with polyarticular neuropathic arthropathy, and the results are unknown. In this study, we report a case of TKA in a patient with leprosy with polyarticular neuropathic arthropathy and discuss its outcomes and indications. Right TKA using the NexGen Legacy Constrained Condylar Knee implant was performed in a 62-year-old man with neuropathic arthropathy in multiple joints with clinical symptoms, particularly in the right knee. Seven years post-operation, the American Knee Society Score-knee and -function, which represent knee function and activities of daily living on a scale of 100 points, were significantly improved compared with preoperative values, from 30 to 99 points and 0 to 60 points, respectively. Indications for arthroplasty for neuropathic arthropathy should be carefully considered in each individual case. In this case, the patient had neuropathic arthropathy in multiple joints; however, TKA was performed because recovery of function in the right knee was expected to significantly improve the patient's activities of daily living, and a good mid-term clinical outcome was achieved. Therefore, indications for arthroplasty should be considered in patients with systemic neuropathic arthropathy such as leprosy, and with accurate assessment and appropriate implant selection, good long-term outcomes may be expected.

[Conservative treatment of supination and external rotation for type â ¢ and â £ankle fracture by bone setting].

OBJECTIVE: To explore curative effect of conservative treatment of supination-lateral rotation (SER) with type Ⅲ and Ⅳ ankle fracture by bone setting technique. METHODS: From January 2017 to December 2019, 64 patients diagnosed with SER with type Ⅲ and Ⅳ ankle fracture were treated with manipulative reduction and conservative treatment (manipulation group) and surgical treatment with open reduction and internal fixation (operation group), 32 patients in each group. In manipulation group, there were 17 males and 15 females, aged from 15 to 79 years old with an average of (51.42±13.68) years old;according to Lauge-Hansen classification, there were 8 patients with supination external rotation type Ⅲ and 24 patients with type Ⅳ. In operation group, there were 13 males and 19 females, aged from 18 to 76 years old with an average of (47.36±15.02) years old;7 patients with type Ⅲ and 25 patients with type Ⅳ. Displacement of ankle fracture was measured by Digimizer software, and compared before treatment, 3 and 12 months after treatment between two groups. Lateral medial malleolus displacement, lateral medial malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus contraction displacement and posterior malleolus displacement were measured and compared between two groups. Mazur score was used to evaluate ankle joint function. RESULTS: All patients were followed up from 12 to 36 months with an average of (17.16±9.36) months. There were statistical differences in lateral medial malleolus displacement, lateral medial malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus displacement, lateral malleolus contraction displacement and posterior malleolus displacement in manipulation group before and after reduction(P<0.05). Compared with operation group, there were no statistically significant differences in lateral malleolus shift, lateral malleolus shift, lateral malleolus contraction shift(P>0.05), while there were statistically significant differences in lateral malleolus shift, posterior malleolus shift up and down (P<0.05). Mazur scores of ankle joint at 3 months after treatment in manipulation group and operation group were 68.84±13.08 and 82.53±7.31, respectively, and had statistical differences(P<0.05), while there was no difference in evaluation of clnical effect(P>0.05). There were no differences in Mazur score and evaluation of clnical effect between two groups at 12 months after treatment (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone setting technique could effectively correct lateral displacement of medial malleolus, lateral displacement of medial malleolus, lateral displacement of lateral malleolus and lateral contraction displacement of lateral malleolus in supination lateral rotation type Ⅲ and Ⅳ ankle fracture, and has good long-term clinical effect, which could avoid operation for some patients and restore ankle function after fracture.

[Analysis of national leprosy surveillance data in Mauritania from 2009 to 2019]. / Analyse des données nationales de surveillance de la lèpre en Mauritanie de 2009 à 2019.

Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects the skin, mucous membranes and the peripheral nervous system. Its elimination as a public health problem seems to lead to its ignorance and therefore to a risk of late diagnosis. An analysis of leprosy surveillance data in Mauritania was conducted to determine epidemiological trends and clinical forms of reported cases. Material and method: The retrospective study was based on the epidemiological records of leprosy in Mauritania from 2009 to 2019. The diagnosis of leprosy was made on the basis of the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.2.5.0. The frequencies, proportions, and rates were calculated. Results: Over the past 11 years, 164 cases have been notified. Among the notified cases, 96/164 (58.5%) were males and 68/164 (41.5%) females, with a sex ratio of 1.4. The mean age (± standard deviation) was 44.0 ± 17.1 years [range, 9 - 86 years], and the median was 45 years [interquartile range, 32.5; 57.5]. Children under the age of 16 accounted for 9/164 (5.5%). The wilayas (i.e. "regions") of Nouakchott were the most endemic regions in the country. The multibacillary form (MB) represented 109/164 (66.5%) cases among the observed clinical forms. The average annual incidence was 0.3 case/100,000 population for MB and 0.1 case/100,000 for PB (paucibacillary). All reported cases were treated with multidrug therapy. Conclusion: The results of leprosy surveillance showed a persistence of this disease in Mauritania. It is necessary to relaunch leprosy services at all levels in order to continue to reduce the morbidity associated with this disease, and eventually eliminate it from the country.

COVID-19 vaccination and leprosy-A UK hospital-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with leprosy are at risk of leprosy reactions, T-cell mediated immunological complications, which lead to nerve function impairment. Leprosy reactions require systemic immunosuppression which is a risk factor for severe COVID-19. Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 infection is recommended in the UK and became widely available in 2021 with individuals at increased risk of severe disease, including the immunosuppressed, prioritised. Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 may provoke a T cell response. The latter poses a theoretical risk of provoking an immunological response to latent Mycobacterium leprae infection leading to clinical disease or in those with clinical disease triggering a leprosy reaction. BCG vaccination is associated with the development of leprosy in a small proportion of healthy contacts of people with leprosy within twelve weeks of administration. BCG causes a Th1 immune response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We performed a retrospective cohort study to determine the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status of individuals diagnosed with leprosy attending the Leprosy Clinic in 2021 and whether any had developed leprosy or experienced a new leprosy reaction within twelve weeks of receiving a dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The electronic patient records were used to retrieve data. Fifty-two individuals with leprosy attended the clinic in 2021 of which five people were newly diagnosed with leprosy. Thirty-seven (71%) were male and the median age was 48.5 years old (Range 27-85 years). Eight (15.4%) individuals were taking multi-drug therapy (MDT) and eight (15.4%) had completed MDT within three years of the study. Twenty-two (41.5%) individuals were prescribed a systemic immunosuppressant drug during 2021. Ten (18.9%) individuals have one or more risk factors for severe COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status of fifty (96%) were recorded of which forty-nine were vaccinated (98%). One individual had declined vaccination. One individual was diagnosed with borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy having developed red skin lesions with reduced sensation (which increased in size and number) and thickened peripheral nerves one week after a second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Another individual who had completed MDT more than three years earlier developed red plaques and tender thickened nerves consistent with a leprosy Type 1 reaction eight weeks after a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine (having received two doses of CoronaVac vaccine three months earlier). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The development of BT leprosy and a Type 1 reaction in another individual shortly after a dose of BNT162b2 vaccine may be associated with vaccine mediated T cell responses. The benefits of vaccination to reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 outweigh these unwanted events but data from leprosy endemic countries may provide further information about potential adverse effects of augmented T cell responses in individuals with leprosy or latent M. leprae infection.

Open-Label Trial of Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension in Mycobacterium abscessus Lung Disease.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium abscessus is the second most common nontuberculous mycobacterium respiratory pathogen and shows in vitro resistance to nearly all oral antimicrobials. M abscessus treatment success is low in the presence of macrolide resistance. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does treatment with amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS) improve culture conversion in patients with M abscessus pulmonary disease who are treatment naive or who have treatment-refractory disease? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In an open-label protocol, patients were given ALIS (590 mg) added to background multidrug therapy for 12 months. The primary outcome was sputum culture conversion defined as three consecutive monthly sputum cultures showing negative results. The secondary end point included development of amikacin resistance. RESULTS: Of 33 patients (36 isolates) who started ALIS with a mean age of 64 years (range, 14-81 years), 24 patients (73%) were female, 10 patients (30%) had cystic fibrosis, and nine patients (27%) had cavitary disease. Three patients (9%) could not be evaluated for the microbiologic end point because of early withdrawal. All pretreatment isolates were amikacin susceptible and only six isolates (17%) were macrolide susceptible. Eleven patients (33%) were given parenteral antibiotics. Twelve patients (40%) received clofazimine with or without azithromycin as companion therapy. Fifteen patients (50%) with evaluable longitudinal microbiologic data demonstrated culture conversion, and 10 patients (67%) sustained conversion through month 12. Six of the 33 patients (18%) demonstrated mutational amikacin resistance. All were patients using clofazimine or clofazimine plus azithromycin as companion medication(s). Few serious adverse events occurred for ALIS users; however, reduction of dosing to three times weekly was common (52%). INTERPRETATION: In a cohort of patients primarily with macrolide-resistant M abscessus, one-half of the patients using ALIS showed sputum culture conversion to negative findings. The emergence of mutational amikacin resistance was not uncommon and occurred with the use of clofazimine monotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03038178; URL: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov.

Irreducible Ankle Fracture Dislocation Because of Tibialis Posterior and Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon Entrapment in the Interosseous Membrane: A Case Report.

CASE: We describe the case of a 63-year-old man with anterior ankle dislocation and fracture confirmed by x-ray. Postreduction x-ray and computed tomography (CT) revealed Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) type 44C3 and Lauge-Hansen pronation-external rotation-type ankle fractures. CONCLUSION: This was a rare case of ankle fracture dislocation because of entrapment of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons in the interosseous membrane. Tendon entrapment should be suspected in cases of high-energy injuries, Weber type C fractures, Lauge-Hansen pronation-external rotation fractures, syndesmosis widening, and irreducible fractures using manual closed reduction. Fractures and soft tissues should be evaluated by changing the CT settings.

Outcome of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune bullous diseases.

Background Data on outcomes of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) patients is scarce. Materials and methods This single-centre survey-based-observational study included patients registered in the AIBD clinic of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. All registered patients were contacted over telephone between June and October 2021. A survey was conducted after obtaining informed consent. Results Among 1389 registered patients, 409 completed the survey. Two hundred and twenty-two (55.3%) patients were females and 187 (45.7%) were males. The mean age was 48.52 ± 14.98 years. Active disease was reported by 34% patients. The frequency of COVID-19 infection in responders was 12.2% (50/409), with a case-fatality ratio of 18% (9/50). Rituximab infusion after the onset of pandemic significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 infection. Active AIBD and concomitant comorbidities were significantly associated with COVID-19 related death. Limitation Relative risk of COVID-19 infection and complications among AIBD patients could not be estimated due to lack of control group. The incidence of COVID-19 in AIBD could not be determined due to lack of denominator (source population) data. Other limitations include telephonic nature of the survey and lack of COVID-19 strain identification. Conclusion Use of rituximab is associated with higher probability of COVID-19 infection, while advanced age, active disease and presence of comorbidities may increase the risk of COVID-19 mortality in AIBD patients.

Use of preoperative and perioperative ex vivo dermoscopy for precise mapping of margins for standard surgical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma.

Background The utility of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy in standard surgical excision for radical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma remain unexplored. Aims To evaluate the use of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy for precise mapping of margins during standard surgical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma. Methods In this retrospective, observational study, 17 patients clinically diagnosed with various morphological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma were included. Data about previous history, clinical examination of lesions and regional lymph nodes and preoperative dermoscopy were retrieved. After standard surgical excision had been carried out as per mapping of lateral margins, all the excised surgical specimens were subjected to perioperative dermoscopy and later reconfirmed with histopathology. Results Seventeen patients with mean age of 60.82 ± 9.99 years and median disease duration of 14 months were analysed. Clinically, basal cell carcinomas were of pigmented superficial subtype [6 (35.3%)], followed by pigmented nodular [5 (29.4%)], nodulo-ulcerative [4 (23.5%)] and micro nodular [2 (11.8%)]. Mean extension of clinical margin after dermoscopy was 0.59 ± 0.52 mm. Mean pre-assessed depth of tumour and mean depth of tumour were 3.46 ± 0.89 mm and 3.49 ± 0.92 mm, respectively. No recurrence was reported. Frequently found pre-operative dermoscopic features were maple leaf like structures [6 (35%)], blue grey dots and globules [6 (35%)] and short fine telangiectasias [6 (35%)]. Commonly observed perioperative dermoscopic features were: (1) irregular band with brown-grey pigmentation of dots, globules, streaks and pseudopodia like extensions [3 (50%)]; (2) irregular band of pseudo granulomatous structureless vascular areas in psoriasiform pattern with diffuse white streaks in pseudopodia like manner [1 (50%)]; (3) irregular band of pseudo granulomatous structureless vascular areas in psoriasiform pattern with streaks of white pseudopodia like structureless areas [1 (50%)]. Limitation This was a single-centre study with a small sample size. Conclusion This study highlights significance of preoperative and perioperative dermoscopy for precise planning and radical excision of primary basal cell carcinoma by standard surgical excision.

Follicular mycosis fungoides: Clinicohistopathologic features and outcomes in a series of 12 Chinese cases.

Background Follicular mycosis fungoides is a distinct variant of mycosis fungoides with a broad clinical spectrum. Recently, many studies have indicated that follicular mycosis fungoides should be divided into different subtypes with disparate prognoses. Objective To define the clinicohistopathologic features and outcomes of follicular mycosis fungoides and to identify risk factors that may be related to the prognosis of Chinese patients with follicular mycosis fungoides. Materials and methods We conducted a single-centre retrospective study and reviewed the clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic data of 12 patients diagnosed with follicular mycosis fungoides between 2009 and 2020 in the Department of Dermatology of West China Hospital of Sichuan university. Results A total of 12 patients (seven males and five females) with a mean age of 30 ± 14 years (age range 16-55 years) were included. Scalp and face were the most common involved sites (100%). Follicular papules, acneiform lesions, plaques, and nodules, were the main clinical presentations. Histopathological findings were consistent with the classic manifestations of follicular mycosis fungoides, including folliculotropism, perifollicular and intrafollicular lymphocytic infiltrates and mucinous degeneration. Interferon α-1b was the most common treatment. Four patients died of follicular mycosis fungoides in three years. Notably, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decreased number of CD20+ cells in the deceased patients. Limitations This is a retrospective evaluation with a small number of cases; further prospective studies are warranted to support our inferences. Conclusion Our patients were much younger than in previous studies. The observed difference in this cohort may be explained by race, in addition to the limited number of cases. A decreased number of B cells might be associated with a poor prognosis, and more studies are necessary to discover the role of B cells in follicular mycosis fungoides as well as in mycosis fungoides.

Role of Nerve Conduction Studies in Hansen's Disease.

Background and Objective: To report the role of nerve conduction study (NCS) in diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of Hansen's disease (HD). Materials and Methods: In a hospital-based prospecive observational study, the patients with HD as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were included; muscle wasting power, reflexes, and sensations were recorded. Motor NCS of median, ulnar, and peroneal nerves and sensory NCS of ulnar, median, and sural nerves were recorded. Disability was graded using WHO grading scale. The outcome was assessed after 6 months using modified Rankin scale. Results: In the present study, 38 patients with a median age of 40 (15-80) years and five females were included. The diagnosis was tuberculoid in seven, borderline tuberculoid in 23, borderline lepromatous in two, and borderline in six patients. The disability was grade 1 and 2 in 19 patients each. Out of 480 nerves studied, NCS was normal in 139 sensory (57.4%) and 160 (67.2%) motor nerves. NCSs were axonal in seven sensory and eight motor nerves, demyelinating in three nerves, and mixed in one in seven patients who had lepra reaction. NCS findings did not correlate with disability (p = 1.0) or outcome (0.304) and provided additional information in 11 nerves (seven patients). Peripheral nerves were enlarged in 79. NCSs were normal in 32 (29.90%) in thickened nerves. Conclusion: In HD, NCS abnormalities correlated with respective sensory or motor abnormality but related with neither disability nor the outcome.

Rare concurrence of lepromatous leprosy and cutaneous tuberculosis.

The coinfection of leprosy and tuberculosis has been rarely reported in literature. A middle-aged man who was a known case of hepatitis B infection had presented with ichthyosis with claw hand deformity and submandibular swelling, which were diagnosed with lepromatous leprosy and scrofuloderma, respectively.

Prevalence and Predictors of COVID-19 Long-Term Symptoms: A Cohort Study from the Amazon Basin.

It remains unclear whether a previous history of tropical infectious diseases and a second SARS-COV-2 infection may influence the likelihood of later symptoms. In this prospective cohort study, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 were followed up by telephone shortly after diagnosis of COVID-19 and again 12 months later. Poisson regression was used to identify the predictors of the highest number of symptoms in the post-COVID-19 syndrome. A total of 1,371 patients with COVID-19, with a mean age of 39.7 ± 11.7 years and 50% female, were followed for 12 months. Reinfection was found in 32 (2.3%) participants, and 806 (58.8%) individuals reported a previous history of dengue, malaria, Zika, chikungunya, leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis. Eight hundred seventy-seven (63.9%) participants reported late symptoms related to COVID-19. After adjusting for multiple factors, female sex, non-White race, number of acute-phase symptoms, body mass index, and reinfection were independent predictors of higher number of symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome. Female sex, non-White race, number of acute-phase symptoms, body mass index, and reinfection, but not previous endemic tropical diseases, were associated with long-term symptoms.

Lobomycosis in a Post-Covid 19 Patient: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

AIM: To document a case of lobomycosis and to discuss its epidemiology & diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old male presented with a history of nasal congestion, nasal discharge, and epistaxis following Covid 19 infection. On physical examination, there was necrotic slough in the nasal vestibule near the inferior turbinate. Scrapings and punch biopsy were taken from the lesion. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections showed necrotic and mucoid areas with mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and numerous budding yeasts 3- 7µm diameter in singles, and small clusters with single narrow based budding as well as multiple budding including sequential budding forming "chains of yeasts". A diagnosis of Lobomycosis was made. Yeasts of lobomycosis are often confused with other yeasts such as P. brasiliensis, Candida spp., B. dermatitidis, and Cryptococci, but characteristic 'sequential budding' with a 'chain of yeasts" aid in the final diagnosis. Demonstration of yeasts with characteristic chains either in tissue sections or in potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of scraped material, exudate, or exfoliative cytology is the mainstay in the diagnosis as the organisms are uncultivable in vitro in culture medium.

Bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections in leprosy: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: In leprosy patients, the most commonly reported non-viral co-infections are Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Chromoblastomycosis and Helminths. The presence of a secondary infection is believed to increase the likelihood of leprosy reactions. The purpose of this review was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the most reported bacterial, fungal, and parasitic co-infections in leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers, resulting in the inclusion of 89 studies. For tuberculosis, a total of 211 cases were identified, with a median age of 36 years and male predominance (82%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 89% of cases, 82% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 17% developed leprosy reactions. For leishmaniasis, 464 cases were identified, with a median age of 44 years and male predominance (83%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 44% of cases, 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, and 18% developed leprosy reactions. Regarding chromoblastomycosis, we identified 19 cases with a median age of 54 years and male predominance (88%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, 70% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 35% developed leprosy reactions. Additionally, we found 151 cases of co-infection with leprosy and helminths, with a median age of 43 years and male predominance (68%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, and 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, while the occurrence of leprosy reactions varied from 37% to 81% across studies. CONCLUSION: We observed a male-dominated pattern of co-infections among working-age individuals with multibacillary leprosy. Unlike prior studies reporting increased leprosy reactions in chronic viral co-infections, our findings did not indicate any increase among bacterial, fungal, or parasitic co-infections. Rather, co-infections with tuberculosis and leishmaniasis appeared to reduce leprosy reactions.